- Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.
- Anastrophe - is a figure of speech involving an inversion of the natural order of words; for example, saying "echoed the hills" to mean "the hills echoed".
- Antithesis
is a stylistic device based on the author's desire to stress certain qualities of the thing by appointing it to another thing possessing antagonistic features.
- Antonomasia
. It is the result of interaction between logical and nominal meaning of a word.
- Aposiopesis
(Break - in - the narrative). Sudden break in the narration has the function to reveal agitated state of the speaker.
- Asyndeton
is a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions in constructions in which they would normally used.
- Catachresis
- is the (usually intentional) use of any figure of speech that flagrantly violates the norms of a language community.
- Chiasums
is based on repetition of syntactical patterns, but it has a reversed order in one of the utterances.
- Climax
(gradation) - an ascending series of words or utterances in which intensity or significance increases step by step.
Stylistic and rhetorical devices
- A comparison
between two things which basically are quite unlike each other
- The metaphor says
that something is something else
- A metaphor never
uses the words "as" or "like" to make the comparison
- E.g.: A mighty
fortress is our God.
He has a heart of stone.
- Simile (C)
- Another type of
comparison
- The simile says
that something is like something else and uses the words "as" or
"like"
- E.g.: He is as
strong as a lion.
She smells like a
rose.
- Usage: His style
is rich in simile.
He uses interesting
similes.
More info about English-Russian Similies
- Symbol (C)
- A word or phrase
that stands not only for itself but also for a certain idea.
- As in the case of
the metaphor and the simile the meaning goes beyond the literal
- E.g.: Red is a
symbol of danger.
- Synecdoche ( U or C)
- A figure of speech
using one part for the whole or something special for something general
- E.g.: saying
"ten sail" for ten ships or "Croesus" for a rich man
Another example:
Shakespeare
repeatedly made use of is using the word "board" to imply a stage
- Another expression
for synecdoche : pars pro toto
- Onomatopoeia (U)
- The formation of
words from sounds which seem to suggest their meaning
- E.g.: pocketa,
pocketa ; bang ; hiss ; buzz
- Usage: An example
of onomatopoeia can be found in line 35: ...
- Oxymoron (C)
- Two contradictory
words or phrases are combined
- E.g.: fiery ice,
screaming silence ; foul is fair ; very tragical mirth
- Usage: Shakespeare
makes use of several oxymorons in this extract
- Plurisignation (U)
- Use of ambiguities
(words or expressions with more than one meaning)
- Usage: The
following statement is plurisignificant : ...
- Euphemism (U or C)
- Use of a mild word
for one thought to be rough or offensive
- E.g.: "pass
away" for die
- Usage: He writes
euphemistically when he describes his mother′s death
- Redundancy (C)
- Writing (talking)
more than the required minimum, repetitive.
- E.g.: Full of
vexation come I, with complaint against my child, my daughter Hermia
- Usage: The
following paragraph is full of redundancies.
His speech is full
of redundant words.
- Pleonasm (C)
- Use of more words
than necessary.
- E.g.: 4 quarters,
two twins
- Usage: Pleonasms
should be avoided.
- Litotes (C - plural same form)
- An ironically
moderate speech, rhetorical under-statement
- E.g.: That′s not
half bad.
He′s no amateur.
- Usage: He is a
master of litotes.
- Hyperbole (U)
- Exaggeration for
the purpose of emphasis.
- E.g.: I′ve waited
an eternity.
He had a hangover
that made his head feel like the spot on the fortress that′s just been hit by a
thirty-foot battering ram.
- Usage: Shakespeare
loves to employ hyperbole.
- Enjambment (U or C)
- The continuation
of the sentence into the next line.
- Effect: It makes
the speech sound more natural
- E.g.: But see! The
angry victor hath recalled
His ministers of
vengeance and pursuit
Back to the gates of
Heaven.
- Chiasmus (C pl. -mi)
- Contrasted terms
are arranged crosswise, the word order in the first phrase is reversed in the
second.
- E.g.: Flowers are
lovely, love is flowerlike
Fair is foul, and
foul is fair
Weigh oath with oath
and you will nothing weigh
- Anacoluthon (C pl. -a)
- A broken sentence
construction, lacking a grammatical sequence
- In so far the
anacoluthon is unintentionally used by the speaker • unwillingly
- Usage: The
anacolutha in the following lines are supposed to emphasize Richard′s mental
confusion.
- Ellipsis (C pl. -es)
- An incomplete
sentence construction.
- The ellipsis is
used deliberately by its speaker (e.g. for emphasis) • willingly
- Anaphora (U)
- The repetition of
a word or a phrase at the beginning of two or more successive lines, sentences
etc.
- E.g.: And she
forgot the stars, the moon, the sun
And she forgot the
blue above the trees (...)
- Epiphora (U)
- The repetition of
a word or a phrase at the end of two or more successive lines, sentences etc.
- E.g.: We are born
to sorrow, pass our time in sorrow, end our days in sorrow.
- Asyndeton (C pl. -a)
- Words or phrases
presented in series, separated by commas only, without conjunctions
- E.g.: Veni, vidi,
vici.
He has provided the
poor with jobs, food, money.
- Polysyndeton (C pl. -a)
- Words or phrases
presented in series separated by "end", "as well as", etc.
- E.g.: und es
wallet und siedet und brauset und zischt.
- Exclamation (C)
- E.g. : What a
strange idea !
- Address (C)
- But always - do
not forget this, Winston - always there will be the thrill of victory ...
- Request (C)
- Polite or formal
appeal
- E.g.: Why don′t we
all go to...?
Let′s...
- Urgent appeal (C)
- It′s stronger form
of request
- E.g.: For heaven′s
sake, come and help me now!
- Climax (C pl. -es)
- E.g.: Berlin-,
Deutschland-, Weltnachrichten
- Personification (U)
- E.g.: My blood
speaks in your veins.
- Usage: In
"Romeo and Juliet" the personification of the stars is unforgettable
.
In this poem of
Keats′ autumn is personified.
- Gemination (U)
- The immediate
repetition of a word or phrase for rhetorical effect
- E.g.: And when she
weeps, weeps every little flower.
- Usage: Shakespeare
often employs gemination as a means of realizing his iambic pentameter.
- Allusion (C)
- An allusion is a
reference to another author or historical figure or event.
- E.g.: Oberon′s:
"A fair vestal throned by the west" doubtlessly alluded to Queen
Elizabeth I, who watched the play herself
- Pun (C)
- With puns Shakespeare
shows his exceptional wit
- Puns work through
ambiguities, often caused by homophones (i.e. words that sound the same)
- E.g.: There is
mettle in death. (mettle = courage; at the same the word suggests the homophone metal, a
synecdoche for sword, a weapon causing death)
- Very often
Shakespeare makes use of sexual puns (also called innuendoes)
- Here textual notes
are often not very helpful...
- E.g.: My cherry
lips have often kissed thy stones. (the character is referring to the stones in
a wall, but to the Elizabethans "stones" were also testicles ...)
- Parallelism (C)
- Any parallel
structure
- E.g.: To watch the
night in storms, the day in cold.
- Alliteration
- Repetition of the
inititial consonant sound
- Assonance
- Repetition of
vowel sounds
- Consonance
- Similarity of end
consonants
Their common aims:
Increase pleasure in hearing and catch the
listener′s attention
- Masculine rhyme
- One-syllable rhyme
- Feminine rhyme
- Two-(or more)
syllable rhyme
- Off-rhyme
- Rhyme is not quite
exact ,but listener still feels it
- Internal rhyme
- Rhyme within one
line
- Volta
- Change in
argumentation
- It always follows
after the 8 line of a sonnet
- Final complet
- These are the two
final lines of a sonnet
- They always
contain a message
- It always lays a
certain stress on it
- Meter
- The length of a
line of verse, measured by counting the stresses, is called the metre
- Pentameter
- When there are
five stresses the line is called a pentameter
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